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随着2008年北京奥运会的成功举办以及2010年上海世界博览会的召开,越来越多的国际友人希望了解中国。然而,作为让世界了解中国的一个重要窗口——城市公示语的英译却存在着很多错误,这严重影响着中国的国际形象,甚至可能引起外国友人对中国的误解。
本文指出了公示语翻译的重要性,首先介绍了公示语和功能翻译理论的基本内容,并分析了公示语的研究现状;其次举例分析了目前公示语的翻译错误,表明大部分公示语翻译基本上沿用以翻译等值为中心的语言学派翻译法作指导,采取以源语语言和文化为取向的翻译策略,以译文与原文的对等程度来评价译文质量,忽视了不同语言与文化之间的差异性,结果导致翻译僵化、词不达意,严重影响了公示语的翻译质量;事实上,判断公示语翻译是否恰当的关键因素在于译语文本是否在目的语文化中起作用。以莱斯为代表的德国功能学派认为翻译目的决定译文,也决定翻译策略和方法,强调译文在译语文化中的交际功能。最后,在功能翻译理论指导下,通过举例着重分析公示语翻译中由于忽视文化差异而导致的错误,探讨公示语的翻译原则与技巧。其意义不仅能够给公示语翻译提供理论参考,规范公示语的翻译,而且能够丰富功能翻译理论的实际应用,还能为语言工作者们提供翻译实践新视角。
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This essay will critically analyse the taxation policy adopted by Chinese government. It will also examine the tax burden in China. Additionally, the essay will critically review the largest tax reform in recent years which is about agriculture tax.
This paper can be divided into four parts. Parts one presents the current Chinese taxation system in critique. Part two illustrates advantages and drawbacks of abolishing agriculture tax. Part three describes China is not a high tax burden state through comparing with other countries. The final part summarises all the arguments in the essay.
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The course covers a variety of topics related both to the substance and methods of policy analysis. But on this stage it´s only the introductory course,
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向豆丁求助:有没有public?